This review summarizes the current state of the art of statistical and (survey) methodological
research on measurement (non) invariance, which is considered a core challenge for the …

Objectives The aim of cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) of a questionnaire is to achieve
equivalence between the original and adapted questionnaire. Here, we aimed to review the …

Back translation–the 're-translation'of a translated questionnaire back into the original
language and the subsequent comparison of the original version and the back translation–is …

6 Guidelines((“guideline”[pt] OR “practice guideline”[pt] OR “health planning guidelines”[mh]
OR “consensus development conference”[pt] OR “consensus development conference …

The EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire is used worldwide as a patient-
reported outcome (PRO) instrument for the measurement and valuation of health. Several …

Interest in the patient's views of his or her illness and treatment has increased dramatically.
However, our ability to appropriately measure such issues lags far behind the level of …

Background Cross-cultural research with patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs)
assumes that the PROM in the target language will measure the same construct in the same …

Using back translation as a quality assessment tool in multilingual survey research is now
deemed obsolete or on its way to becoming so, although it is still widely practiced. This …

Cross-national surveys typically collect data by using an (almost) identical set of questions
across different countries. The goal of cross-national surveys, that is, comparing countries or …

This paper describes the rationale and goals of the Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO)
Consortium's instrument translation process. The PRO Consortium has developed a number …