Large Animal Internal Medicine, 4th Edition features a problem-based approach with
discussions of over 150 clinical signs. This is the first internal medicine reference that …

The etiology of adverse pregnancy outcomes is not well understood. Wildlife observations
provide considerable evidence that environmental contaminants can play a critical role in …

The thyroid gland, found dorsal to the trachea just distal to the larynx, is a smooth, firm,
bilobed organ, approximately 2.5 cm  2.5 cm  5 cm, 1 weighing approximately 0.04 g/kg …

PART 2 DISORDERS OF SPECIFIC BODY SYSTEMS 1366 the mare, the placenta, and the
fetus. Evaluation of the mare should include a thorough physical examination, paying …

Aquatic nitrate contamination has escalated over the past 50 years, primarily due to
intensified fertilizer application and sewage production worldwide. Nitrate's role in the …

Contamination of freshwater ecosystems with nitrate is a growing global concern. Although
nitrate pollution is recognized as a cause of aquatic eutrophication, few studies have …

The immature foal frequently represents a significant management challenge to even the
most experienced clinician. The clinical course typically involves complications to a range of …

Equine thyroid disorders pose a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice because of the
effects of nonthyroidal factors on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, and the horse's …

Simple Summary The athletic career of a horse is relatively short. Career length can be
positively influenced by the trainer and the age at which the horse starts competition. There …

Hypothyroidism refers to a deficiency of biologically active thyroid hormone (TH). It is useful
to further classify this endocrinopathy as primary, secondary, or tertiary disease. The term …