In brief Immune dysfunction may contribute to or cause recurrent implantation failure. This
article summarizes normal and pathologic immune responses at implantation and critically …

Background Thrombophilia is a group of disorders that result in a blood hypercoagulable
state and induce thrombosis, which was found widely existed in recurrent pregnancy loss …

Importance Implantation failure remains a critical barrier to in vitro fertilization. Prednisone,
as an immune-regulatory agent, is widely used to improve the probability of implantation and …

Background It has been well recognized that antenatal administration of dexamethasone to
pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery may markedly accelerate fetal maturation and …

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is a chronic, heterogeneous autoimmune disease that has
serious social and personal consequences. No valid and reliable diagnostic markers or …

Insufficient extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion during early placentation has been
shown to contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). However, the regulatory factors …

Peripheral blood NK cytotoxicity assay (NKC) is one of the commonly utilized diagnostic
tools for recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) and repeated implantation failures (RIF). In this …

Embryo implantation is a key moment in pregnancy. Abnormal production of pro-and anti-
inflammatory cytokines, their receptors and other immune factors may result in embryo …

Problem Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects up to 4% of couples attempting to conceive.
RPL is unexplained in over 50% of cases and no effective treatments exist. Due to the …

Unexplained subfertility and implantation failures not only are emotionally and physically
distressing but also become a significant obstacle to reproductive-age couples who wish to …