Our understanding of the ubiquitin code has greatly evolved from conventional E1, E2 and
E3 enzymes that modify Lys residues on specific substrates with a single type of ubiquitin …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Since nuclear factor of κ‐light chain of enhancer‐activated B cells (NF‐κB) was discovered
in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating …

The growing knowledge of ferroptosis has suggested the role and therapeutic potential of
ferroptosis in cancer, but has not been translated into effective therapy. Liver cancer …

Ubiquitination, an important type of protein posttranslational modification (PTM), plays a
crucial role in controlling substrate degradation and subsequently mediates the “quantity” …

T cell activation requires extracellular stimulatory signals that are mainly mediated by T cell
receptor (TCR) complexes. The TCR recognizes antigens on major histocompatibility …

The deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs, also known as deubiquitylases or deubiquitinases)
maintain the dynamic state of the cellular ubiquitome by releasing conjugated ubiquitin from …

RIG‐I is our first line of defense against RNA viruses, serving as a pattern recognition
receptor that identifies molecular features common among dsRNA and ssRNA viral …

Ubiquitylation is essential for signal transduction as well as cell division and differentiation in
all eukaryotes. Substrate modifications range from a single ubiquitin molecule to complex …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …