Two-component systems (TCS) comprising sensor histidine kinases and response regulator
proteins are among the most important players in bacterial and archaeal signal transduction …

Two-component systems reprogramme diverse aspects of microbial physiology in response
to environmental cues. Canonical systems are composed of a transmembrane sensor …

Motile Escherichia coli cells track gradients of attractant and repellent chemicals in their
environment with transmembrane chemoreceptor proteins. These receptors operate in …

Motile bacteria use chemotaxis to migrate towards environments that are favorable for
growth and survival. The signaling pathway that mediates this behavior is largely conserved …

Histidine kinases (HKs) are major players in bacterial signaling. There has been an
explosion of new HK crystal structures in the last 5 years. We globally analyze the structures …

Pseudomonads sense changes in the concentration of chemicals in their environment and
exhibit a behavioral response mediated by flagella or pili coupled with a chemosensory …

Gram-negative pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the …

Bacteria have evolved a variety of signal transduction mechanisms that generate different
outputs in response to external stimuli. Chemosensory pathways are widespread in bacteria …

INTRODUCTION Microorganisms obtain most of the information about their environments
through membrane-associated signaling systems. One of the most abundant classes of …

The bacterial second messenger bis-(3′–5′) cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-
di-GMP) has emerged as a central regulator for biofilm formation. Increased cellular c-di …