Physical exercise is often recommended to patients who have chronic pain. However, only a
small number of studies report exercise-induced analgesia in the setting of inflammatory …

The formalin test still surprises with its biphasic pain-related behavior resulting from a
quiescent interphase that does not occur with other algogenic compounds and remains …

Activation of primary afferent nociceptors produces acute, short-lived pain, and tissue or
nerve injury induces long-term enhancement of nociceptive processing, manifested as …

The most widely used formalin test to screen antinociceptive drug candidates is still
apostrophized as targeting inflammatory pain, in spite of strong opposing evidence …

Our previous work indicates that the intrathecal administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) acts
at its cognate receptors to reduce behavioral signs of nociception in several models of …

Duloxetine, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, and celecoxib, a non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drug, are commonly used analgesics for persistent pain, however with …

The involvement of estrogen in pain has been investigated in many ways. However the
specific role played by estrogen receptors remains elusive. Estrogen receptors alpha and …

Background Sex differences in pain have been well documented; however, the mechanisms
involved remain to be elucidated. The present study examined whether sex differences exist …

Cation chloride cotransporters, K+–Cl− cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and Na+–K+–Cl−
cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) are reported to be expressed in the neurons in the spinal cord and …

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib has long been used for reducing pain, in
spite of moderate gastrointestinal side effects. In previous studies, it has been shown that …