Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long
been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and …

Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

In contextual fear conditioning, experimental subjects learn to associate a neutral context
with an aversive stimulus and display fear responses to a context that predicts danger …

It has been 70 years since Donald Hebb published his formalized theory of synaptic
adaptation during learning. Hebb's seminal work foreshadowed some of the great …

Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus, a heterogeneous brain region with distinct
functions. Spatial representations in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) are crucial for …

Science fiction notions of altering problematic memories are starting to become reality as
techniques emerge through which unique memories can be edited. Here we review memory …

The acquisition of fear associative memory requires brain processes of coordinated neural
activity within the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem …

Memories are integrated into interconnected networks; nevertheless, each memory has its
own identity. How the brain defines specific memory identity out of intermingled memories …

Women have increased vulnerability to PTSD and anxiety disorders compared to men.
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders is critical for identifying …