Redox state constitutes an important background of numerous liver disorders. The redox
state participates in the course of inflammatory, metabolic and proliferative liver diseases …

Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds,
relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are …

The gut microbiota (GM) is a complex, evolutionarily molded ecological system, which
contributes to a variety of physiological functions. The GM is highly dynamic, being sensitive …

Early brain injury (EBI), highlighted with inflammation and apoptosis, occurring within 72 h
after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is associated with the prognosis of SAH. Recent …

Neurological function deficits due to cerebral ischemia or neurodegenerative diseases such
as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have long been considered a …

Propionate, a short-chain fatty acid, serves important roles in the human body. However, our
review of the current literature suggests that under certain conditions, excess levels of …

Oxidative and nitrosative stress (ONS) contributes to the pathogenesis of most brain
maladies, and the magnitude of ONS is related to the ability of cellular antioxidants to …

Oxidative stress is a natural phenomenon in the body. Under physiological conditions
intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal components of signal transduction …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neuropsychiatric syndrome due to either acute or
chronic hepatic failure. This study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective effect of …

A facilitative transport system exists on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has been tacitly
assumed to be a path for glutamate entry to the brain. However, glutamate is a non-essential …