The introduction of the video assistant referee (VAR) was a landmark in soccer history, yet it
is not empirically examined whether the technology contributes to the most supreme value of …

Background Due to the unfortunate pandemic situation, the phenomena of home advantage
and referee bias in sports have recently received a particular research attention, especially …

Home advantage and referee bias are two sport factors that have been widely studied in the
football (ie, soccer) context. However, the mediating effect of spectators on these factors is …

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly altered the way sporting events are observed. With
the absence or limited presence of spectators in stadiums, the traditional advantage enjoyed …

Home advantage (HA) and referee bias are two important phenomena in football (soccer)
and are frequently investigated by researchers. This study focused on analyzing HA and …

To investigate home advantage in the FIFA World Cup Asian qualification, 508 matches in
the group stage of World Cup qualifying in a total of five Asian Zone World Cup qualifying …

In an analysis of NBA big data (4,196 cases over 21 seasons; 2000–2021), we examined
the effect of technical fouls (TFs) on game momentum. Considering leading or trailing …

Background This study analyzed how Video Assistant Referee (VAR), introduced to improve
the accuracy of referee decisions in football, changes the magnitude and direction of home …

ABSTRACT The Home Advantage (HA) phenomenon, where teams perform better in front of
their fans, has garnered increased interest during the COVID-19 pandemic, which provided …

Background. This paper investigates the effect of the presence of spectators on performance
in a previously unexplored mixed martial arts environment. In this sport, athletes have …