Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a
process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Parenchymal microglia are the principal immune cells of the brain. Time-lapse two-photon
imaging of GFP-labeled microglia demonstrates that the fine termini of microglial processes …

Viral encephalitis is still very prominent around the world, and traditional antiviral therapies
still have shortcomings. Some patients cannot get effective relief or suffer from serious …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …

P2X7 receptors (Rs) constitute a subclass of ATP-sensitive ionotropic receptors (P2X1-
P2X7). P2X7Rs have many distinguishing features, mostly based on their long intracellular …

Membrane-bound P2-receptors mediate the actions of extracellular nucleotides in cell-to-
cell signalling. P2X-receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, whereas P2Y-receptors belong …

We previously reported that extracellular ATP induces membrane ruffling and chemotaxis of
microglia and suggested that their induction is mediated by the Gi/o‐protein coupled P2Y12 …

ATP is a cotransmitter with glutamate, noradrenaline, GABA, acetylcholine and dopamine in
the brain. There is a widespread presence of both adenosine (P1) and P2 nucleotide …

Purinergic transmission is one of the most ancient and widespread extracellular signalling
systems. In the brain, purinergic signalling plays a unique role in integrating neuronal and …