This is an overview of the solar modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. It is a broad
topic with numerous intriguing aspects so that a research framework has to be chosen to …

In this paper we examine the physical foundations and theoretical development of the kappa
distribution, which arises naturally from non-extensive Statistical Mechanics. The kappa …

Abstract The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) is a revolutionary mission
that simultaneously investigates two of the most important overarching issues in …

The idea of an “Outer solar system probe: to be aimed away from the Sun in the plane of the
ecliptic” dates from a report of the “Simpson Committee” of the Space Science Board of the …

As the Sun moves through the local interstellar medium, its supersonic, ionized solar wind
carves out a cavity called the heliosphere. Recent observations from the Interstellar …

This review summarizes the current state of research aiming at a description of the global
heliosphere using both analytical and numerical modeling efforts, particularly in view of the …

Interstellar neutral atoms, unlike charged particles, freely penetrate the heliosphere,
allowing us to sample the physical state of the interstellar matter directly. Most interstellar …

The last solar minimum, which extended into 2009, was especially deep and prolonged.
Since then, sunspot activity has gone through a very small peak while the heliospheric …

This paper describes the physical foundations of the newly discovered “entropy defect” as a
basic concept of thermodynamics. The entropy defect quantifies the change in entropy …

First data from NASA's Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) mission show a striking"
ribbon" feature of enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission. The enhancement in …