Tumors that express detectable levels of the product of the ESR1 gene (estrogen receptor-α;
ERα) represent the single largest molecular subtype of breast cancer. More women …

Chemotherapy is the standard internal medical treatment for cancer. However, the
resistance of cancer cells to nearly all kinds of chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted drugs …

The transcription factor MYC (MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor) is an
essential signaling hub in multiple cellular processes that sustain growth of many types of …

Autophagy is a type of cellular catabolic degradation response to nutrient starvation or
metabolic stress. The main function of autophagy is to maintain intracellular metabolic …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that promotes the lysosomal degradation
of intracellular components including organelles and portions of the cytoplasm. Besides …

Purpose: Estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-targeted therapies including tamoxifen (TAM) or
Faslodex (ICI) are used to treat ER+ breast cancers. Up to 50% of tumors will acquire …

Autophagy is a self-catabolic process that maintains intracellular homeostasis and prolongs
cell survival under stress via lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic constituents and …

How breast cancer cells respond to the stress of endocrine therapies determines whether
they will acquire a resistant phenotype or execute a cell-death pathway. After a survival …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which over time acquires various adaptive
changes leading to more aggressive biological characteristics and development of treatment …

Cancers of the breast and other tissues arise from aberrant decision-making by cells
regarding their survival or death, proliferation or quiescence, damage repair or bypass …