Increasing interest is devoted to carbohydrates for their roles in plant immunity. Some of
them are elicitors of plant defenses whereas other ones act as signaling molecules in a …

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are caused by
various factors, including both pathogenic and non-pathogenic ones. β-glucan primarily …

There is remarkable conservation in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune responses of plants, insects and mammals. We …

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense against attempted microbial invasion,
and it is a well‐described phenomenon in vertebrates and insects. Recent pioneering work …

The perception of abiotic stresses and signal transduction to switch on adaptive responses
are critical steps in determining the survival and reproduction of plants exposed to adverse …

The Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 2 (MKK2) and the
downstream MAPKs MPK4 and MPK6 were isolated by functional complementation of …

During the past decade, molecular genetic studies on the reference plant Arabidopsis have
established a largely linear signal transduction pathway for the response to ethylene gas …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) link information transfer from external stimuli-
activated sensors to cellular responses. The completed Arabidopsis genome sequence …

Plants detect potential pathogens by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns via
pattern recognition receptors. In the dicot model plant Arabidopsis, the lysin motif (LysM) …

The Arabidopsis genome encodes∼ 20 different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
that are likely to be involved in growth, development and responses to endogenous and …