Abstract Hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1) is a serious form of AKI that affects
individuals with advanced cirrhosis with ascites. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential …

Background Fractional excretion of urinary sodium (FENa) is a widely utilized clinical test to
evaluate acute kidney injury (AKI). A low FENa (< 1%) is deemed consistent with prerenal …

Background Microscopic examination of the urinary sediment (MicrExUrSed) is an
established diagnostic tool for AKI. However, single inspection of a urine specimen during …

Background Urinary sediment is a noninvasive laboratory test that can be performed by an
automated analyzer or manually by trained personnel. Manual examination remains the …

AKI is a common hospital-based complication defined by changes in serum creatinine (SCr)
and urine output. Owing to the limitations of these two biomarkers, there has been intense …

Background Although urine microscopy is an important step in the initial evaluation of a
patient with kidney disease, internal medicine residents have minimal exposure to this …

Thomas Addis, the pioneering Scottish nephrologist, stated urine provides a serial story that
unfolds 1 day at a time, unraveling major events within the kidney. He considered urine …