Chronic pain is a common public health problem that has a detrimental impact on patient
health, quality of life (QoL), and function, and poses a substantial socioeconomic burden …

Pain is fundamentally unpleasant, a feature that protects the organism by promoting
motivation and learning. Relief of aversive states, including pain, is rewarding. The …

Classical Pavlovian fear conditioning remains the most widely employed experimental
model of fear and anxiety, and continues to inform contemporary pathophysiological …

The persistence of negative affect in pain leads to co-morbid symptoms such as anhedonia
and depression—major health issues in the United States. The neuronal circuitry and …

Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that the brain adapts with pain, as well as imparts risk
for developing chronic pain. Within this context, we revisit the concepts for nociception, acute …

While chronic pain is considered by some to be a CNS disease, little is understood about
underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Addiction models have heuristic value in this …

A specialized cubic-millimeter hotspot in the rostrodorsal quadrant of medial shell in nucleus
accumbens (NAc) of rats may mediate opioid enhancement of gustatory hedonic impact or …

Attachment is an inborn behavioral system that is biologically driven and essential for
survival. During child development, individual differences in (in) secure attachment emerge …

Relief from pain in humans is rewarding and pleasurable. Primary rewards, or reward-
predictive cues, are encoded in brain reward/motivational circuits. While considerable …

Although pain is familiar to almost everyone, its precise definition continues to be elusive.
Pain is most often viewed in the realm of somatosensation. However, this conceptualization …