Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead
to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer …

Several viral infectious diseases appear limitless since the beginning of the 21st century,
expanding into pandemic lengths. Thus, there are extensive efforts to provide more efficient …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8 T cells are functionally exhausted in chronic hepatitis B
infection, and this condition can be corrected only partially through the modulation of …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system through germline-encoded
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As most microbial pathogens contain DNA and/or …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal cancer, with increasing worldwide
incidence, that is mainly associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C …

Host innate recognition triggers key immune responses for viral elimination. The sensing
mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV), a DNA virus, and the subsequent downstream …

Hepatitis infection is the leading cause of hepatic failure and a global health problem;
especially in developing regions. Infection with hepatitis causes disorders of liver function …

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are responsible
for most cases of viral hepatitis. Infection by each type of virus results in a different typical …

In chronic viral infections, CD8+ T cells become functionally deficient and display multiple
molecular alterations. In contrast, only little is known of self-and tumor-specific CD8+ T cells …

Instability of vaccines often emerges as a key challenge during clinical development (lab to
clinic) as well as commercial distribution (factory to patient). To yield stable, efficacious …