Over the past several decades, research has focused increasingly on developmental
precursors to psychological disorders that were previously assumed to emerge only in …

Stress initiates adaptive processes that allow the organism to physiologically cope with
prolonged or intermittent exposure to real or perceived threats. A major component of this …

Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are
extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the stressors. We first …

The brain noradrenergic system is activated by acute stress. The post-synaptic effects of
norepinephrine (NE), exerted at a cellular or neural circuit level, have been described as …

Central noradrenergic (NA) signaling is broadly implicated in behavioral and physiological
processes related to attention, arousal, motivation, learning and memory, and homeostasis …

Exposure to certain acute and chronic stressors results in an immediate behavioral and
physiological response to the situation followed by a period of days when cross-sensitization …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) plays an important role in the regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis during stress and it is a major extrahypothalamic …

Stressors can exert a wide variety of responses, ranging from adaptive responses to
pathological changes; moreover, recent studies suggest that mild stressors can attenuate …

The term allostasis, which is defined as stability through change, has been invoked
repeatedly by developmental psychopathologists to describe long-lasting and in some …

In this review, nonassociative learning is advanced as an organizing principle to draw
together findings from both sympathetic-adrenal medullary and hypothalamic–pituitary …