Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS...
1907 IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 …

Key points Chronic (psychosocial) stress changes gut microbiota composition, as well as
inducing behavioural and physiological deficits. The microbial metabolites short‐chain fatty …

Normal eating behaviour is coordinated by the tightly regulated balance between intestinal
and extra-intestinal homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms. By contrast, food addiction is a …

Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health
problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) …

Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are
increasingly recognized as including modulation of commensal microorganisms residing in …

The importance of the gut–brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been
appreciated. More recently, the microbiota has emerged as a key player in the control of this …

Psychobiotics were previously defined as live bacteria (probiotics) which, when ingested,
confer mental health benefits through interactions with commensal gut bacteria. We expand …

The gut microbiota maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host and regulates several
important functions including host metabolism, immunity, and intestinal barrier function …

Currently, over 300 million people worldwide have depression, and the socioeconomic
burden of this debilitating disorder is anticipated to increase markedly over the coming …