The importance of the gut–brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been
appreciated. More recently, the microbiota has emerged as a key player in the control of this …

Psychobiotics are a group of probiotics that affect the central nervous system (CNS) related
functions and behaviors mediated by the gut-brain-axis (GBA) via immune, humoral, neural …

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT), a well-known neurotransmitter in the brain, also plays an
important role in peripheral tissues, including the immune system. There is a growing body …

Gut microbiota provides the host with multiple functions (eg, by contributing to food
digestion, vitamin supplementation, and defense against pathogenic strains) and interacts …

Visceral pain is a global term used to describe pain originating from the internal organs of
the body, which affects a significant proportion of the population and is a common feature of …

Functional constipation (FC), a condition characterized by heterogeneous symptoms
(infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, excessive straining, or a sense of incomplete …

Although it has long been recognized that the enteric community of bacteria that inhabit the
human distal intestinal track broadly impacts human health, the biochemical details that …

Bacterial colonisation of the gut plays a major role in postnatal development and maturation
of key systems that have the capacity to influence central nervous system (CNS) …

There is increasing evidence that host-microbe interactions play a key role in maintaining
homeostasis. Alterations in gut microbial composition is associated with marked changes in …

While bidirectional brain–gut interactions are well known mechanisms for the regulation of
gut function in both healthy and diseased states, a role of the enteric flora—including both …