The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress …

Bacterial pathogens use effector proteins to manipulate their hosts to propagate infection.
These effectors divert host cell signaling pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and …

Pathogens exploit several eukaryotic signaling pathways during an infection. They have
evolved specific effectors and toxins to hijack host cell machinery for their own benefit …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (the MAPK/ERK kinases; MKKs or MEKs) and
their downstream substrates, the extracellular-regulated kinases have been intensively …

Bacterial pathogens employ the type III secretion system to secrete and translocate effector
proteins into their hosts. The primary function of these effector proteins is believed to be the …

A type III secretion system (T3SS) in pathogenic Yersinia species functions to translocate
Yop effectors, which modulate cytokine production and regulate cell death in macrophages …

Currently, all known translocated effectors of Yersinia are delivered into host cells by type III
secretion systems (T3SSs). Pathogenic Yersinia maintain the plasmid-encoded Ysc T3SS …

Diverse extracellular and intracellular cues activate mammalian mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs). Canonically, the activation starts at cell surface receptors and continues …

Bacterial enteric pathogens have evolved efficient mechanisms to suppress mammalian
inflammatory and immunoregulatory pathways. By exploiting the evolutionary relationship …

Bacterial virulence often relies on secreted effectors that modulate eukaryotic signal
transduction. Recent studies provide a collection of examples in which bacterial effectors …