This article reviews the attributes of the human surrogates most commonly used in injury
biomechanics research. In particular, the merits of human cadavers, human volunteers …

Children, small female, elderly, and obese occupants are at greater risk of death and serious
injuries in motor-vehicle crashes than the mid-size, young, male occupants. However …

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether using a finite-element (FE) mesh
composed entirely of hexahedral elements to model cortical and trabecular bone (all-hex …

In this study, we developed a statistical rib cage geometry model accounting for variations by
age, sex, stature and body mass index (BMI). Thorax CT scans were obtained from 89 …

The purpose of this study was to quantify both the tensile material properties and structural
response of human ribs in order to determine which variables contribute to regional variation …

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex, loading rate, and age on the
tensile material properties of human rib cortical bone over a wide range of subject …

Rib cage morphology changes with age and sex are expected to affect thoracic injury
mechanisms and tolerance, particularly for vulnerable populations such as pediatrics and …

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the sensitivity of the structural responses and
bone fractures of the ribs to mesh density, cortical thickness, and material properties so as to …

This study sought to develop a strain-based probabilistic method to predict rib fracture risk
with whole-body finite element (FE) models, and to describe a method to combine the results …

Osteoporosis is a common, but silent disease until it is complicated by fractures that are
associated with morbidity and mortality. Over the past few years, although deep learning …