Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

This paper presents a biopsychological theory of drug addiction, the 'Incentive-Sensitization
Theory'. The theory addresses three fundamental questions. The first is: why do addicts …

Salient but aversive stimuli inhibit the majority of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral
tegmental area (VTA) and cause conditioned place aversion (CPA). The cellular mechanism …

Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

What roles do mesolimbic and neostriatal dopamine systems play in reward? Do they
mediate the hedonic impact of rewarding stimuli? Do they mediate hedonic reward learning …

OBJECTIVE: The clinical hallmark of schizophrenia is psychosis. The objective of this
overview is to link the neurobiology (brain), the phenomenological experience (mind), and …

This review gives an overview of recent findings and developments in research on brain
mechanisms of reward and reinforcement from studies using the place preference …

Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disturbance of behavior motivated by drug-
conditioned incentives. This abnormality has been explained by Incentive-Sensitization and …

Although the Skinnerian 'Empirical Law of Effect'does not directly consider the fundamental
properties of stimuli that enable them to act as reinforcers, such considerations are critical for …

Experimental impairment of dopamine function by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions or by
dopamine receptor antagonists shows that dopamine is involved in nicotine's discriminative …