Diet-induced metabolic endotoxemia is an important factor in the development of many
chronic diseases in animals and man. The gut epithelium is an efficient barrier that prevents …

Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway plays an important role in initiating the innate
immune response and its activation by bacterial endotoxin is responsible for chronic and …

Anatomic pathology studies performed over 150 years ago revealed that excessive
activation of coagulation occurs in the setting of inflammation. However, it has taken over a …

Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to host defence against many
pathogenic microorganisms and also underlies a large burden of human disease. Thus, the …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces two distinct signaling pathways controlled by the
TIRAP-MyD88 and TRAM-TRIF pairs of adaptor proteins, which elicit the production of …

Sensing of pathogens by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces an inflammatory response;
controlled responses confer immunity but uncontrolled responses cause harm. Here we …

There is increasing evidence that astrocytes play important roles in immune regulation in the
brain. Astrocytes express toll‐like receptors (TLR) and build up responses to innate immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play central roles in the innate immune response by recognizing
conserved structural patterns in diverse microbial molecules. Here, we discuss ligand …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate responses to pathogen-associated molecules as part of
the vertebrate innate immune response to infection. Receptor dimerization is coupled to …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is a powerful
activator of innate immune responses. LPS binds to the proteins Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) …