The injured spinal cord does not heal properly. In contrast, tissue repair and functional
recovery occur after skin or muscle injuries. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell
types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by …

The leishmaniases are diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan parasites of the genus
Leishmania. Infections are initiated when a sand fly vector inoculates Leishmania parasites …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90
countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of …

Macrophages are present throughout the human body, constitute important immune effector
cells, and have variable roles in a great number of pathological, but also physiological …

Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious neglected tropical diseases caused by more than 20
pathogenic species of Leishmania sp. Due to the limitations of the current treatments …

Background Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases present worldwide that are transmitted to
the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand fly during a blood feeding. Phlebotomine …

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a parasite-borne disease mainly induced by Leishmania
infantum in the Old World and Leishmania chagasi (infantum) in the New World. CanL is a …

Leishmaniasis, usually caused by the genus Leishmania, has not received the attention it
deserves and in recent times has developed into a major health problem worldwide. 1, 2 …

Macrophages act as the primary effector cells during Leishmania infection through
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, how …