An appropriate response and adaptation to hyperosmolarity, ie., an external osmolarity that
is higher than the physiological range, can be a matter of life or death for all cells. It is …

MAP kinase (MAPK) modules are conserved three-kinase cascades that serve central roles
in intracellular signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. MAPK pathways of different inputs and …

Surface recognition and penetration are among the most critical plant infection processes in
foliar pathogens. In Magnaporthe oryzae, the Pmk1 MAP kinase regulates appressorium …

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a eukaryotic microorganism that is able to
choose between different unicellular and multicellular lifestyles. The potential of individual …

The dimorphic fungus Ustilago maydis switches from budding to hyphal growth on the plant
surface. In response to hydrophobicity and hydroxy fatty acids, U. maydis develops infection …

Fungal species display an extraordinarily diverse range of lifestyles. Nevertheless, the
survival of each species depends on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its …

While fungi are widely occupying nature, many species are responsible for devastating
mycosis in humans. Such niche diversity explains how quick fungal adaptation is necessary …

Extension of the substrate range is among one of the metabolic engineering goals for
microorganisms used in biotechnological processes because it enables the use of a wide …

Fungal pathogenicity in plants requires a conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) cascade homologous to the yeast filamentous growth pathway. How this signaling …

The ability of microorganisms to survive and thrive within hostile environments depends on
rapid and robust stress responses. Stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathways are …