Transcription and translation require a high concentration of potassium across the entire tree
of life. The conservation of a high intracellular potassium was an absolute requirement for …

The last decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the understanding of the
mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), its molecular mechanism of action, and its implications for …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
The regulation and function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis and …

Members of the steroid hormone receptor (SR) family activate transcription from different
DNA response elements and are regulated by distinct hormonal ligands. Understanding the …

Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are descended from an
ancestral corticoid receptor (CR). To date, the earliest CR have been found in lamprey and …

In higher vertebrates, mineralo-(aldosterone) and glucocor ticoids (cortisol/corticosterone)
exert their multiple actions via specific transcription factors, glucocorticoid (GR) and …

Considering that life on earth evolved about 3.7 billion years ago, vertebrates are young,
appearing in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion about 542 to 515 million years …

Many responses to adrenal and sex steroids are mediated by receptors that belong to the
nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. We investigated the co-evolution of these …

Gene duplication is the predominant mechanism for the evolution of new genes. Major
existing models of this process assume that duplicate genes are redundant; degenerative …

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is descended from a corticoid receptor (CR), which has
descendants in lamprey and hagfish, cyclostomes (jawless fish), a taxon that evolved at the …