The existence of mantle plumes was first proposed in the 1970s to explain intra-plate,
hotspot volcanism, yet owing to difficulties in resolving mantle upwellings with geophysical …

Abstract The Last Interglacial (MIS 5e, 128–116 ka) is among the most studied past periods
in Earth's history. The climate at that time was warmer than today, primarily due to different …

Future sea-level rise generates hazards for coastal populations, economies, infrastructure,
and ecosystems around the world. The projection of future sea-level rise relies on an …

Sea level changes can be driven by either variations in the masses or volume of the oceans,
or by changes of the land with respect to the sea surface. In the first case, a sea level change …

Convective circulation of the mantle causes deflections of the Earth's surface that vary as a
function of space and time. Accurate measurements of this dynamic topography are …

Abstract The Atlantic Coast of North America is increasingly affected by flooding associated
with tropical and extratropical storms, exacerbated by the combined effects of accelerated …

Understanding the sensitivity of the polar ice caps to a modest global warming (2–3° C
above preindustrial) is of paramount importance if we are to accurately predict future sea …

Past sea-level change represents the large-scale state of global climate, reflecting the
waxing and waning of global ice sheets and the corresponding effect on ocean volume …

Despite vast scientific inquiry, the evolution of Appalachian Mountain topography in eastern
North America has yet to be robustly explained. After a century and a half of investigation …

Earth's mantle undergoes convection on million‐year timescales as heat is transferred from
depth to the surface. While this flow has long been linked to the large‐scale horizontal forces …