The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Unravelling the functional operation of neuronal networks and linking cellular activity to
specific behavioural outcomes are among the biggest challenges in neuroscience. In this …

Abstract Information transfer within neuronal circuits depends on the balance and recurrent
activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Chloride (Cl−) is the major central …

Human cell reprogramming technologies offer access to live human neurons from patients
and provide a new alternative for modeling neurological disorders in vitro. Neural electrical …

The organization of neural circuits that form the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG)
and provide flexor–extensor and left–right coordination of neuronal activity remains largely …

Key points Quadrupeds express different gaits depending on speed of locomotion. Central
pattern generators (one per limb) within the spinal cord generate locomotor oscillations and …

Communication between neurons rests on their capacity to change their firing pattern to
encode different messages. For several vital functions, such as respiration and mastication …

Oscillatory activity is widespread in dynamic neuronal networks. The main paradigm for the
origin of periodicity consists of specialized pacemaking elements that synchronize and drive …

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are generally defined as networks of neurons capable of
enabling the production of central commands, specifically controlling stereotyped, rhythmic …

Throughout the nervous system, ion gradients drive fundamental processes. Yet, the roles of
interstitial ions in brain functioning is largely forgotten. Emerging literature is now revitalizing …