Tramadol is commonly prescribed for pain control because it presents a lower risk for
addiction and respiratory depression compared to other opioids. However, tramadol's …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Tramadol, a frequently used pain reliever drug, present neurotoxic effects associated to
cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, crocin has been reported to have neuroprotective effects …

This study examines the relation between seizure and plasma tramadol concentration in
patients with tramadol poisoning, as a novel centrally acting analgesic used for the treatment …

Safety pharmacology studies, which are performed before first studies with investigational
drugs in humans, often include experiments on proconvulsant drug activity, because such …

Tramadol (TR) is a synthetic analgesic drug with central function that can induce seizures
even at therapeutic doses. The exact mechanism of TR effect on seizure generation is not …

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In contrast with other opioids, there are few cases of
tramadol-related respiratory depression described in the literature, and renal impairment is a …

Background: Tramadol (TR) is an opioid agonist (μ-opioid receptors) that also affects the
noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. TR is a synthetic analgesic substance with opioid …

Tramadol is an opioid used as an analgesic for treating moderate or severe pain. The long-
term use of tramadol can induce several adverse effects. The toxicological mechanism of …

Background: Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with opioid and nonopioid properties,
which extensively used in the relief of mild to moderate pain. Tramadol poisoning is a …