Over the last few decades, advances in human and animal‐based techniques have greatly
enhanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders …

Since the 1980s, we have witnessed the rapid development of genetically modified mouse
models of human diseases. A large number of transgenic and knockout mice have been …

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder observed predominantly in women and girls
that is characterized by a low body-mass index, hypophagia, and hyperactivity. Activity …

Our brain can be recognized as a network of largely hierarchically organized neural circuits
that operate to control specific functions, but when acting in parallel, enable the performance …

Subtypes of nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons (MSNs) promote dichotomous
outcomes in motivated behaviors. However, recent reports indicate enhancing activity of …

Addiction is regarded as a disorder of inflexible choice with behavior dominated by
immediate positive rewards over longer-term negative outcomes. However, the …

Response to threatening environmental stimuli requires detection and encoding of important
environmental features that dictate threat. Aversive events are highly salient, which …

The ventral striatum (VS) is a key brain center regulating reward-oriented behavior [1–4].
The VS can be anatomically divided into medial (VMS) and lateral (VLS) portions based on …

The ability to abandon old strategies and adopt new ones is essential for survival in a
constantly changing environment. While previous studies suggest the importance of the …

Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) composed of α4, β, and δ subunits mediate
GABAergic tonic inhibition and are potential molecular targets in the modulation of …