As the population ages, the number of operations performed on bone is expected to
increase. Diseases such as arthritis, tumours, and trauma can lead to defects in the skeleton …

The purpose of this review was to compare the efficacy and safety of synthetic bone graft
substitutes versus autograft or allograft for the treatment of lumbar and cervical spinal …

Calcium sulfate (CS) has enjoyed a longer history of clinical use than most currently
available biomaterials. It is well‐tolerated when used to fill bone defects and undergoes …

The perspective of an innovative new concept integrating tissue-engineering techniques
with an established surgical technique is described. The focus is primarily on a one-step …

Calcium sulphate has been used extensively as a bioabsorbable bone substitute for 90
years. Its advantages include its low cost, ready availability and unlimited supply, lack of …

Bone graft substitutes are widely used in the field of orthopedics and are extensively used to
promote vertebral fusion. Fusion is the most common technique in spine surgery and is used …

With the current advances in spinal surgery, an understanding of the precise biological
mechanism of each bone substitute is necessary for inducing successful spinal fusion. In this …

Spinal fusion is the most widely performed procedure in spine surgery. It is the preferred
treatment for a wide variety of pathologies including degenerative disc disease …

Background The increased prevalence of spinal fusion surgery has created an industry
focus on bone graft alternatives. While autologous bone graft remains the gold standard, the …

Study Design A narrative review of literature. Objective This manuscript intends to provide a
review of clinically relevant bone substitutes and bone expanders for spinal surgery in terms …