Color vision is widespread among insects but varies among species, depending on the
spectral sensitivities and interplay of the participating photoreceptors. The spectral sensitivity …

Background Flower coloration is a key enabler for pollinator attraction. Floral visual signals
comprise several components that are generated by specific anatomical structures and …

Background and aims Colour is one of the main floral traits used by pollinators to locate
flowers. Although pollinators show innate colour preferences, the view that the colour of a …

Nervous tissue is one of the most metabolically expensive animal tissues, thus evolutionary
investments that result in enlarged brain regions should also result in improved behavioural …

Visual opsins of vertebrates and invertebrates diversified independently and converged to
detect ultraviolet to long wavelengths (LW) of green or red light. In both groups, colour vision …

Early color-matching studies established that normal human color vision is trichromatic.
Subsequent research revealed a causal link between trichromacy and the presence in the …

Opsins, combined with a chromophore, are the primary light-sensing molecules in animals
and are crucial for color vision. Throughout animal evolution, duplications and losses of …

Butterflies use colour vision when searching for flowers. Unlike the trichromatic retinas of
humans (blue, green and red cones; plus rods) and honeybees (ultraviolet, blue and green …

Abstract Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) comprise around 1500 species, most of
which forage on nectar from flowers in their adult stage, usually while hovering in front of the …

Innate preferences promote the capacity of pollinators to find flowers. Honeybees and
bumblebees have strong preferences for 'blue'stimuli, and flowers of this colour typically …