Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are microvascular complications of
diabetes. Microvascular endothelial cells are thought to be the major targets of …

The retinal capillary vasculature serves the formidable role of supplying the metabolically
active inner and middle retina. In the parafoveal region, the retinal capillary plexuses (RCP) …

The development of therapeutics for effective treatments of retinal diseases is significantly
constrained by various biological barriers. We herein report a nanomedicine strategy to …

Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical
attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials …

Vascular development in the mammalian retina is a paradigm for CNS vascular
development in general, and its study is revealing fundamental mechanisms that explain the …

Five vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) ligands (VEGF-A,-B,–C,-D, and
placental growth factor [PlGF]) constitute the VEGF family. VEGF-A binds VEGF receptors 1 …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Vascular
pericyte degeneration is the predominant clinical manifestation of DR, yet the mechanism …

Vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is ascribed primarily to retinal vascular abnormalities—
including hyperpermeability, hypoperfusion, and neoangiogenesis—that eventually lead to …

A precise communication between the nervous and the vascular systems is crucial for
proper formation and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, this …

Many retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular
(AMD) degeneration, are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels …