Bee populations are declining in the industrialized world, raising concerns for the
sustainable pollination of crops. Pesticides, pollutants, parasites, diseases, and malnutrition …

Darwin recognized that natural selection could not favor a trait in one species solely for the
benefit of another species. The modern, selfish-gene view of the world suggests that …

Flower pollination is an intriguing process in the natural world. Its evolutionary
characteristics can be used to design new optimization algorithms. In this paper, we propose …

Bees are important pollinators of wild and agricultural plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and there is
increasing evidence that many bee populations decline due to a combination of habitat loss …

Expert and intelligent systems try to simulate intelligent human experts in solving complex
real-world problems. The domain of problems varies from engineering and industry to …

Bumblebees are familiar and charismatic insects, occurring throughout much of the world.
They are increasingly being used as a model organism for studying a wide range of …

Floral scent constitutes an ancient and important channel of communication between
flowering plants, their pollinators, and enemies. Fragrance is a highly complex component of …

The news that a flowering weed—mousear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)—can sense the
particular chewing noise of its most common caterpillar predator and adjust its chemical …

Although they are relative latecomers on the evolutionary scene, having emerged only 135?
170 million years ago, angiosperms—or flowering plants—are the most diverse and species …

Cognitive processes such as perception, learning, memory and decision making play an
important role in mate choice, foraging and many other behaviours. In this review, I …