The APOBEC family of single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminases comprises a formidable
arm of the vertebrate innate immune system. Pre-vertebrates express a single APOBEC …

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome encodes a total of three structural
proteins, two envelope proteins, three enzymes, and six accessory proteins. Studies over the …

Viruses have developed diverse non-immune strategies to counteract host-mediated
mechanisms that confer resistance to infection. The Vif (virion infectivity factor) proteins are …

Retroviral vectors derived from lentiviruses such as HIV-1 are promising tools for human
gene therapy because they mediate the in vivo delivery and long-term expression of …

Viral replication usually requires that innate intracellular lines of defence be overcome, a
task usually accomplished by specialized viral gene products. The virion infectivity factor …

Abstract CEM15/APOBEC3G is a cellular protein required for resistance to infection by virion
infectivity factor (Vif)-deficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Here, using a murine …

Human immunodeficiency virus–1 (HIV-1) Vif is essential for viral evasion of host antiviral
factor CEM15/APOBEC3G. We report that Vif interacts with cellular proteins Cul5, elongins B …

High mutation frequency during reverse transcription has a principal role in the genetic
variation of primate lentiviral populations. It is the main driving force for the generation of …

The HIV-1 accessory protein Vif (virion infectivity factor) is required for the production of
infectious virions by CD4+ lymphocytes. Vif facilitates particle infectivity by blocking the …

A powerful mechanism of vertebrate innate immunity has been discovered in the past year,
in which APOBEC proteins inhibit retroviruses by deaminating cytosine residues in nascent …