Background Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and the
fifth cause of death among all cancer patients. Breast cancer development is driven by …

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant tumor in the world. The tumor
microenvironment (TME) is closely related to the occurrence and development of lung …

Active, but dysfunctional, immune responses in patients with cancer have been studied in
several tumour types, but owing to the heterogeneity of cancer theories of common reaction …

Solid tumors consist of neoplastic cells, non-malignant stromal cells, and migratory
hematopoietic cells. Complex interactions between the cell types in this microenvironment …

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a major inflammatory cytokine that was first identified for its
ability to induce rapid haemorrhagic necrosis of experimental cancers. When efforts to …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays important roles in diverse
cellular events such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death. As a pro …

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common but serious condition that is related with poor
quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Its incidence and associated healthcare costs are …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that has deleterious
effect in some autoimmune diseases, which led to the use of anti-TNF drugs in some of …

Cytokines orchestrate the tumor-promoting interplay between malignant cells and the
immune system. In many experimental and human cancers, the cytokine TNF-α is an …

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) poses a significant clinical problem. Current nonetiologic
management is suboptimal in terms of efficacy and safety. In light of recent research …