Highlights•Gene duplications expand the repertoire of antiretroviral host factors.•Duplication
of antiretroviral proteins increases the barrier to viral counteraction.•Restriction factor …

Host restriction factors play key roles in innate antiviral defense, but it remains poorly
understood which of them restricts HIV-1 in vivo. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomic …

HIV-1 encodes four accesory proteins in addition to its structural and regulatory genes.
Uniquely amongst them, Vpr is abundantly present within virions, meaning it is poised to …

The Tat proteins of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are essential for
activating viral transcription. In addition, Tat stimulates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling …

Innate antiviral factors are essential for effective defense against viral pathogens. However,
the identity of major restriction mechanisms remains elusive. Current approaches to discover …

PYHIN proteins are only found in mammals and play key roles in the defense against
bacterial and viral pathogens. The corresponding gene locus shows variable deletion and …

Abstract According to the World Health Organisation in 2021, more than 38 million people
were living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). While antiretroviral therapy (ART) …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) are the two causative
agents of AIDS. HIV-1 is responsible for the HIV pandemic, while HIV-2 is primarily confined …

Over 38 million people are infected with HIV-1 worldwide and in the past four decades of the
HIV-1 pandemic there have been numerous failures and successes. Most notably, the …