The cerebellum generates internal prediction models and actively compares anticipated and
actual outcomes in order to reach a desired end state. In this process, reward can serve as a …

Objective: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) is a theory of motivation, emotion, and
learning, that has been translated into an account of personality. RST proposes neural …

Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte–lymphocyte
ratio (MLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII index) are increasingly used as …

Reward and punishment motivate decision making and behavioral changes. Numerous
studies have examined regional activities during anticipation and outcome of win and loss in …

Although studies have observed gender differences in intertemporal choice, the neural
bases of these differences require further research. The current study used resting state …

The societal implication of sex and gender (SG) differences in brain are profound, as they
influence brain development, behavior, and importantly, the presentation, prevalence, and …

Learning associations between cues and rewards require the mesolimbic dopamine system.
The dopamine response to cues signals differences in reward value in well trained animals …

Craving reflects the subjective urge to use drugs and can be triggered by both positive and
negative emotional states. No studies have systematically investigated the relative roles of …

Why do people fish for recreation? Social science literature suggests that both catch (eg,
number or sizes of fish) and non‐catch dimensions (eg, nature experience, temporary …

Heavy maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy has been associated with altered
neurodevelopment in the child but the effects of low-dose alcohol drinking are less clear and …