The testing effect is a well-known concept referring to gains in learning and retention that
can occur when students take a practice test on studied material before taking a final test on …

Research on the psychology of learning has highlighted straightforward ways of enhancing
learning. However, effective learning strategies are underused by learners. In this Review …

Engaging in a test over previously studied information can serve as a potent learning event,
a phenomenon referred to as the testing effect. Despite a surge of research in the past …

Attempting recall of information from memory, as occurs when taking a practice test, is one of
the most potent training techniques known to learning science. However, does testing yield …

Many students are being left behind by an educational system that some people believe is in
crisis. Improving educational outcomes will require efforts on many fronts, but a central …

The development of students' higher order learning is a critical component of education. For
decades, educators and scientists have engaged in an ongoing debate about whether …

Learning is usually thought to occur during episodes of studying, whereas retrieval of
information on testing simply serves to assess what was learned. We review research that …

Most of our students neither know how learning works nor what they have to do to ensure it,
to the detriment both of their studies and their development as lifelong learners. The point of …

In order to test the effect of exam-question level on fostering student conceptual
understanding, low-level and high-level quizzes and exams were administered in two …

Learning is often identified with the acquisition and encoding of new information. Reading a
textbook, listening to a lecture, participating in a hands-on classroom activity, and studying a …