Larval lepidopterans (hereafter, caterpillars) protect themselves from natural enemies with a
diverse suite of defenses which are employed before, during, or after encounters with …

The arms race between hosts and pathogens (and other non-self) drives the molecular
diversification of immune response genes in the host. Over long periods of evolutionary time …

Ecological immunology and disease ecology are two relatively young disciplines that apply
ecological approaches and principles to traditionally non‐ecological fields. In both cases, an …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and proteins are important components of innate immunity
against pathogens in insects. The production of AMPs is costly owing to resource-based …

Specific interactions between parasite genotypes and host genotypes (Gp× Gh) are
commonly found in invertebrate systems, but are largely lacking a mechanistic explanation …

Parasites infect hosts non-randomly as genotypes of hosts vary in susceptibility to the same
genotypes of parasites, but this specificity may be modulated by environmental factors such …

Viral pathogens present many challenges to organisms, driving the evolution of a myriad of
antiviral strategies to combat infections. A wide variety of viruses infect invertebrates …

Bees are important plant pollinators in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Managed
and wild bees have experienced high average annual colony losses, population declines …

In many systems, host–parasite evolutionary dynamics have led to the emergence and
maintenance of diverse parasite and host genotypes within the same population. Genotypes …

Bees are fundamentally important for pollination services and declines in populations could
have significant economic and environmental implications. Pesticide exposure and …