Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The
second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely used for the treatment of movement disorders
including Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia and, to a lesser extent, certain …

Continuous high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used therapy for
advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) management. However, the mechanisms underlying …

Synchronised neuronal oscillations at beta frequencies are prevalent in the human motor
system, but their function is unclear. In this Opinion article, we propose that the levels of beta …

The functions of rewards are based primarily on their effects on behavior and are less
directly governed by the physics and chemistry of input events as in sensory systems …

The motor signs of Parkinson's disease are thought to result in large part from a reduction of
the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Over the last few years, many of the functional …

Abstract L-DOPA (l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) remains the most effective drug for the
treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, chronic use causes dyskinesia, a complex motor …

In patients with Parkinson's disease and in animal models of this disorder, neurons in the
basal ganglia and related regions in thalamus and cortex show changes that can be …

Converging data suggest that abnormal synchronised oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia
may contribute to bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. This synchrony …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment has proven effective in suppressing symptoms of
rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor in Parkinson's disease. Still, patients may suffer from …