Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate
extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical …

Abstract The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan system, named the Third Pole because it
is the largest global store of frozen water after the polar regions, provides a reliable water …

Glacier mass loss affects sea level rise, water resources, and natural hazards. We present
global glacier projections, excluding the ice sheets, for shared socioeconomic pathways …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

On 7 February 2021, a catastrophic mass flow descended the Ronti Gad, Rishiganga, and
Dhauliganga valleys in Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India, causing widespread devastation and …

Earth. Humanity is unequivocally facing a climate emergency. The scale of untold human
suffering, already immense, is rapidly growing with the escalating number of climaterelated …

The effect of climate change on water resources and sea-level rise is largely determined by
the size of the ice reservoirs around the world and the ice thickness distribution, which …

Global warming-induced melting and thawing of the cryosphere are severely altering the
volume and timing of water supplied from High Mountain Asia, adversely affecting …

Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) represent a major hazard and can result in significant
loss of life. Globally, since 1990, the number and size of glacial lakes has grown rapidly …

Long-term satellite-based observations have helped quantify glacier mass change and the
response of the hydrosphere to glacier changes. However, subaqueous mass loss …