The ability to control cell volume is pivotal for cell function. Cell volume perturbation elicits a
wide array of signaling events, leading to protective (eg, cytoskeletal rearrangement) and …

Cells in the renal inner medulla are normally exposed to extraordinarily high levels of NaCl
and urea. The osmotic stress causes numerous perturbations because of the hypertonic …

Mitochondrial translocation of pro-apoptotic Bax prior to apoptosis is well established after
treatment with many cell death stimulants or under apoptosis-inducing conditions. The …

We have analyzed the transcriptional response to osmotic shock in the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mRNA level of 186 genes increased at least 3-fold after a …

Aldose reductase and the roBackgroundphropathy. Background In diabetic renal
complications, hyperglycemia may cause damage at a cellular level in both glomerular and …

Diabetic microangiopathy, including retinopathy, is characterized by abnormal growth and
leakage of small blood vessels, resulting in local edema and functional impairment of the …

A stress-activated serine/threonine protein kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
(p38 MAPK), belongs to the MAP kinase superfamily. Diverse extracellular stimuli, including …

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM; type I) is a chronic disease stemming from little
or no insulin production and elevated blood glucose levels. IDDM is associated with …

Change in the intracellular concentration of osmolytes or the extracellular tonicity results in a
rapid transmembrane water flow in mammalian cells until intracellular and extracellular …

The adaptation to hypertonicity in mammalian cells is driven by multiple signaling pathways
that include p38 kinase, Fyn, the catalytic subunit of PKA, ATM, and JNK2. In addition to the …