Land plants have adapted to survive under a range of wind climates and this involve
changes in chemical composition, physical structure and morphology at all scales from the …

The land surface models that provide surface fluxes of energy and mass to the atmosphere
in weather forecast and climate models typically represent plant canopies as a homogenous …

Studying the microclimate of plant canopies has long motivated scientists in various
research fields such as agronomy, ecology or silviculture, and almost a century has passed …

This paper presents a review of our current understanding of the process of wind damage to
trees and forests, with a particular, but not exclusive focus, on planted and managed forests …

We review developments in the field of boundary-layer flow over complex topography,
focussing on the period from 1970 to the present day. The review follows two parallel …

A model is developed for the adjustment of the spatially averaged time-mean flow of a deep
turbulent boundary layer over small roughness elements to a canopy of larger three …

An urban canopy model is developed for spatially averaged mean winds within and above
urban areas. The urban roughness elements are represented as a canopy‐element drag …

Forest canopies are important components of the terrestrial carbon budget, which has
motivated a worldwide effort, FLUXNET, to measure CO2 exchange between forests and the …

This paper reviews the current status of mechanistic models for wind damage risk
assessment, describing model structure, applicability, validation and current limitations. We …

The New European Wind Atlas project will create a freely accessible wind atlas covering
Europe and Turkey, develop the model chain to create the atlas and perform a series of …