The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

The emergence of powerful artificial intelligence (AI) is defining new research directions in
neuroscience. To date, this research has focused largely on deep neural networks trained …

Explore-exploit decisions require us to trade off the benefits of exploring unknown options to
learn more about them, with exploiting known options, for immediate reward. Such decisions …

Brain-wide circuits that coordinate affective and social behaviours intersect in the amygdala.
Consequently, amygdala lesions cause a heterogeneous array of social and non-social …

We review the current state of knowledge on the computational and neural mechanisms of
reinforcement-learning with a particular focus on fronto-striatal circuits. We divide the …

Flexible decision-making requires animals to forego immediate rewards (exploitation) and
try novel choice options (exploration) to discover if they are preferable to familiar …

Reinforcement learning allows organisms to predict future outcomes and to update their
beliefs about value in the world. The dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) integrates …

Involvement of dopamine in regulating exploration during decision-making has long been
hypothesized, but direct causal evidence in humans is still lacking. Here, we use a …

When navigating uncertain worlds, humans must balance exploring new options versus
exploiting known rewards. Longer horizons and spatially structured option values …

Changes in cognition, affect, and brain function combine to promote a shift in the nature of
mentation in older adulthood, favoring exploitation of prior knowledge over exploratory …