The intestinal barrier protects the host against gut microbes, food antigens, and toxins
present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, gut barrier integrity can be affected by intrinsic …

The human gastrointestinal tract (GI) harbors a diverse population of microbial life that
continually shapes host pathophysiological responses. Despite readily available abundant …

Urolithin A (UA) is a natural compound produced by gut bacteria from ingested ellagitannins
(ETs) and ellagic acid (EA), complex polyphenols abundant in foods such as pomegranate …

The need for highly effective vaccines that induce robust and long-lasting immunity has
never been more apparent. However, for reasons that are still poorly understood, immune …

The intestinal surface is constitutively exposed to diverse antigens, such as food antigens,
food-borne pathogens, and commensal microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells have developed …

Mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that
belongs to the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)–PAS family of transcription factors, which are …

Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis as they discriminate
between innocuous antigens and potential pathogens to maintain oral tolerance. However …

Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as
dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell's needs. They are …

Autophagy, an essential cellular process that mediates degradation of proteins and
organelles in lysosomes, has been tightly linked to cellular quality control for its role as part …

The revolution in microbiota research over the past decade has provided invaluable
knowledge about the function of the microbial species that inhabit the human body. It has …