Muscle force production occurs within an environment of tissues that exhibit spring-like
behavior, and this elasticity is a critical determinant of muscle performance during …

Methods PubMed/Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases were searched
for studies examining the effect of training on material, mechanical, and morphological …

Birds take off and land on a wide range of complex surfaces. In contrast, current robots are
limited in their ability to dynamically grasp irregular objects. Leveraging recent findings on …

Animals have evolved remarkable biomechanical and physiological systems that enable
their rich repertoire of motion. Animal Locomotion offers a fundamental understanding of …

To decelerate the body and limbs, muscles lengthen actively to dissipate energy. During
rapid energy-dissipating events, tendons buffer the work done on muscle by storing elastic …

The foot has been considered both as an elastic mechanism that increases the efficiency of
locomotion by recycling energy, as well as an energy sink that helps stabilize movement by …

Muscle function during movement is more than a simple, linear transformation of neural
activity into force. The classic work loop technique has pioneered our understanding of …

Skeletal muscles share many common, highly conserved features of organization at the
molecular and myofilament levels, giving skeletal muscle fibers generally similar and …

Compared with other species, humans can be very tractable and thus an ideal “model
system” for investigating the metabolic cost of locomotion. Here, we review the …

A facilitative transport system exists on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has been tacitly
assumed to be a path for glutamate entry to the brain. However, glutamate is a non-essential …