Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown cause, occurs worldwide and has a
highly variable prevalence. The disease is typically dominant in the lungs, although it can …

Neopterin is a marker associated with cell‐mediated immunity. It is produced in monocytes/
macrophages primarily upon stimulation with interferon‐γ. Due to its chemical structure …

Activated macrophages have been characterized as M1 and M2 according to their
inflammatory response pattern. Here we analyzed the M2 marker expression and …

Sarcoidosis is characterised by non-caseating granulomas that secrete pro-inflammatory
cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α …

Background The soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) has been proposed as a marker of
disease activity in patients with sarcoidosis. However, no studies have evaluated whether …

Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is produced by macrophages and other cells,
and is believed to participate in granulomatous inflammation. Targeted antagonism of TNF-α …

Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a complex systemic disease with a silent, long-term evolution,
and a heterogeneous clinical presentation. The diagnostic approach is complex with no …

In a few patients with chronic sarcoidosis, prolonged, unacceptably high doses of
corticosteroids are required to achieve symptomatic relief. In these cases, a corticosteroid …

The aim of the present study was to determine which bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)
and serological parameters reflect the severity of newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis …

Human monocytes are subdivided into classical, intermediate, and nonclassical subsets, but
there is no unequivocal strategy to dissect the latter 2 cell types. We show herein that the cell …