A variety of cognitive disorders are worsened by stress exposure and involve dysfunction of
the newly evolved prefrontal cortex (PFC). Exposure to acute, uncontrollable stress …

In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this
clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug …

Substance use continues to contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in the United
States, for both women and men, more so than any other preventable health condition. To …

Objective: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with neuroadaptations in brain stress
and reward circuits. It is not known whether such neuroadaptations are affected by number …

This article is part of a Festschrift commemorating the 50th anniversary of the National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Established in 1970, first as part of the …

Clinical studies suggest that women are more likely than men to relapse to alcohol drinking
in response to stress; however, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference are not well …

Medications that target the noradrenergic system are important therapeutics for depression
and anxiety disorders. More recently, clinical studies have shown that the α2-noradrenergic …

Background The ability to exert self-control over temptation is a fundamental component of
smoking behavior change. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral …

The selective norepinephrine (NE) α2A-adrenoceptor (α2A-AR) agonist, guanfacine
(Intuniv™), is FDA-approved for treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) …

Medications to treat cognitive disorders are increasingly needed, yet researchers have had
few successes in this challenging arena. Cognitive abilities in primates arise from highly …