Canadian boreal woodlands and forests cover approximately 3.09× 106 km2, located within
a larger boreal zone characterized by cool summers and long cold winters. Warming since …

Citizen science, the involvement of volunteers in research, has increased the scale of
ecological field studies with continent-wide, centralized monitoring efforts and, more rarely …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

Poleward and upward shifts are the most frequent types of range shifts that have been
reported in response to contemporary climate change. However, the number of reports …

The redistribution of life on Earth has emerged as one of the most significant biological
responses to anthropogenic climate warming,,. Despite being one of the most long-standing …

This book provides a first synthetic view of an emerging area of ecology and biogeography,
linking individual-and population-level processes to geographic distributions and …

Mangroves are species of halophytic intertidal trees and shrubs derived from tropical genera
and are likely delimited in latitudinal range by varying sensitivity to cold. There is now …

Almost all organisms live in environments that have been altered, to some degree, by
human activities. Because behaviour mediates interactions between an individual and its …

There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar
terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an …

Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-
climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal …